02.05
videografi
SCANNING SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN EYES
PICTURE ELEMENTS
TV BLACK WHITE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION TECHNOLOGY
Senin, 03 Oktober 2011
video Equipment techniques
SCANNING SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN EYES
PICTURE ELEMENTS
TV BLACK WHITE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION TECHNOLOGY
Video Difinition
The term video ("video" meaning "I see", from the Latin verb "videre") commonly refers to several storage formats for moving pictures: digital video formats, including Blu-ray Disc, DVD, QuickTime (QT), and MPEG-4; and analog videotapes, including VHS and Betamax. Video can be recorded and transmitted in various physical media: in magnetic tape when recorded as PAL or NTSC electric signals by video cameras, or in MPEG-4 or DV digital media when recorded by digital cameras. Quality of video essentially depends on the capturing method and storage used. Digital television (DTV) is a relatively recent format with higher quality than earlier television formats and has become a standard for television video. (See List of digital television deployments by country.)
3D-video, digital video in three dimensions, premiered at the end of 20th century. Six or eight cameras with realtime depth measurement are typically used to capture 3D-video streams. The format of 3D-video is fixed in MPEG-4 Part 16 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX).
In many countries, the term video is often used informally to refer to both Videocassette recorders and video cassettes; the meaning is normally clear from the context.
language engineering
Frame Rate
"Frames per second" redirects here. For animation website of the same name, see Fps magazine.
Frame rate (also known as frame frequency) is the frequency (rate) at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. The term applies equally well to computer graphics, video cameras, film cameras, and motion capture systems. Frame rate is most often expressed in frames per second (FPS), and is also expressed in progressive scan monitors as hertz (Hz).
As of 2011, there are currently three main frame rate standards in the TV and movie-making business: 24p, 25p, and 30p. However, there are many variations on these as well as newer emerging standards
24p is a progressive format and is now widely adopted by those planning on transferring a video signal to film. Film and video makers use 24p even if their productions are not going to be transferred to film, simply because of the on-screen "look" of the (low) frame rate which matches native film. When transferred to NTSC television, the rate is effectively slowed to 23.976 FPS (24×1000÷1001 to be exact), and when transferred to PAL or SECAM it is sped up to 25 FPS. 35 mm movie cameras use a standard exposure rate of 24 frames per second, though many cameras offer rates of 23.976 FPS for NTSC television and 25 FPS for PAL/SECAM. The 24 FPS rate became the de facto standard for sound motion pictures in the mid-1920s.[1] Practically all hand-drawn animation is designed to be played at 24 frames per second. Actually hand-drawing 24 unique frames per second ("1's") is costly. Even big budget films usually hand-draw animation shooting on "2's" (one hand-drawn frame is shown 2 times, so only 12 unique frames per second)[3][4] and a lot of animation is drawn on "4's" (one hand-drawn frame is shown 4 times, so only 6 unique frames per second)
25p is a progressive format and runs 25 progressive frames per second. This frame rate derives from the PAL television standard of 50i (or 50 interlaced fields per second). Film and Television companies use this rate in 50 Hz regions for direct compatibility with television field and frame rates. Conversion for 60 Hz countries is enabled by slowing down the media to 24p then converted to 60 Hz systems using pulldown. While 25p captures half the temporal resolution or motion that normal 50i PAL registers, it yields a higher vertical spacial resolution per frame. Like 24p, 25p is often used to achieve "cine"-look, albeit with virtually the same motion artifacts. It is also better suited to progressive-scan output (e.g., on LCD displays, computer monitors and projectors) because the interlacing is absent.
30p is a progressive format and produces video at 30 frames per second. Progressive (noninterlaced) scanning mimics a film camera's frame-by-frame image capture. The effects of inter-frame judder are less noticeable than 24p yet retains a cinematic-like appearance. Shooting video in 30p mode gives no interlace artifacts but can introduce judder on image movement and on some camera pans. The widescreen film process Todd-AO used this frame rate in 1954–1956.
50i (50 interlaced fields = 25 frames) is an interlaced format and is the standard video field rate per second for PAL and SECAM television.
60i (actually 59.94, or 60 x 1000/1001 to be more precise; 60 interlaced fields = 30 frames) is an interlaced format and is the standard video field rate per second for NTSC television (e.g. in the US), whether from a broadcast signal, DVD, or home camcorder. This interlaced field rate was developed separately by Farnsworth and Zworykin in 1934,[6] and was part of the NTSC television standards mandated by the FCC in 1941. When NTSC color was introduced in 1953, the older rate of 60 fields per second was reduced by a factor of 1000/1001 to avoid interference between the chroma subcarrier and the broadcast sound carrier.
50p/60p is a progressive format and is used in high-end HDTV systems. While it is not technically part of the ATSC or DVB broadcast standards, it is rapidly gaining ground in the areas of set-top boxes and video recordings.[citation needed]
72p is a progressive format and is currently in experimental stages. Major institutions such as Snell have demonstrated 720p72 pictures as a result of earlier analogue experiments, where 768 line television at 75 FPS looked subjectively better than 1150 line 50 FPS progressive pictures with higher shutter speeds available (and a corresponding lower data rate).[7] Modern cameras such as the Red One can use this frame rate to produce slow motion replays at 24 FPS. Douglas Trumbull, who undertook experiments with different frame rates that led to the Showscan film format, found that emotional impact peaked at 72 FPS for viewers.[8] 72 FPS is the maximum rate available in the WMV video file format.
3D-video, digital video in three dimensions, premiered at the end of 20th century. Six or eight cameras with realtime depth measurement are typically used to capture 3D-video streams. The format of 3D-video is fixed in MPEG-4 Part 16 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX).
In many countries, the term video is often used informally to refer to both Videocassette recorders and video cassettes; the meaning is normally clear from the context.
language engineering
Frame Rate
"Frames per second" redirects here. For animation website of the same name, see Fps magazine.
Frame rate (also known as frame frequency) is the frequency (rate) at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. The term applies equally well to computer graphics, video cameras, film cameras, and motion capture systems. Frame rate is most often expressed in frames per second (FPS), and is also expressed in progressive scan monitors as hertz (Hz).
As of 2011, there are currently three main frame rate standards in the TV and movie-making business: 24p, 25p, and 30p. However, there are many variations on these as well as newer emerging standards
24p is a progressive format and is now widely adopted by those planning on transferring a video signal to film. Film and video makers use 24p even if their productions are not going to be transferred to film, simply because of the on-screen "look" of the (low) frame rate which matches native film. When transferred to NTSC television, the rate is effectively slowed to 23.976 FPS (24×1000÷1001 to be exact), and when transferred to PAL or SECAM it is sped up to 25 FPS. 35 mm movie cameras use a standard exposure rate of 24 frames per second, though many cameras offer rates of 23.976 FPS for NTSC television and 25 FPS for PAL/SECAM. The 24 FPS rate became the de facto standard for sound motion pictures in the mid-1920s.[1] Practically all hand-drawn animation is designed to be played at 24 frames per second. Actually hand-drawing 24 unique frames per second ("1's") is costly. Even big budget films usually hand-draw animation shooting on "2's" (one hand-drawn frame is shown 2 times, so only 12 unique frames per second)[3][4] and a lot of animation is drawn on "4's" (one hand-drawn frame is shown 4 times, so only 6 unique frames per second)
25p is a progressive format and runs 25 progressive frames per second. This frame rate derives from the PAL television standard of 50i (or 50 interlaced fields per second). Film and Television companies use this rate in 50 Hz regions for direct compatibility with television field and frame rates. Conversion for 60 Hz countries is enabled by slowing down the media to 24p then converted to 60 Hz systems using pulldown. While 25p captures half the temporal resolution or motion that normal 50i PAL registers, it yields a higher vertical spacial resolution per frame. Like 24p, 25p is often used to achieve "cine"-look, albeit with virtually the same motion artifacts. It is also better suited to progressive-scan output (e.g., on LCD displays, computer monitors and projectors) because the interlacing is absent.
30p is a progressive format and produces video at 30 frames per second. Progressive (noninterlaced) scanning mimics a film camera's frame-by-frame image capture. The effects of inter-frame judder are less noticeable than 24p yet retains a cinematic-like appearance. Shooting video in 30p mode gives no interlace artifacts but can introduce judder on image movement and on some camera pans. The widescreen film process Todd-AO used this frame rate in 1954–1956.
50i (50 interlaced fields = 25 frames) is an interlaced format and is the standard video field rate per second for PAL and SECAM television.
60i (actually 59.94, or 60 x 1000/1001 to be more precise; 60 interlaced fields = 30 frames) is an interlaced format and is the standard video field rate per second for NTSC television (e.g. in the US), whether from a broadcast signal, DVD, or home camcorder. This interlaced field rate was developed separately by Farnsworth and Zworykin in 1934,[6] and was part of the NTSC television standards mandated by the FCC in 1941. When NTSC color was introduced in 1953, the older rate of 60 fields per second was reduced by a factor of 1000/1001 to avoid interference between the chroma subcarrier and the broadcast sound carrier.
50p/60p is a progressive format and is used in high-end HDTV systems. While it is not technically part of the ATSC or DVB broadcast standards, it is rapidly gaining ground in the areas of set-top boxes and video recordings.[citation needed]
72p is a progressive format and is currently in experimental stages. Major institutions such as Snell have demonstrated 720p72 pictures as a result of earlier analogue experiments, where 768 line television at 75 FPS looked subjectively better than 1150 line 50 FPS progressive pictures with higher shutter speeds available (and a corresponding lower data rate).[7] Modern cameras such as the Red One can use this frame rate to produce slow motion replays at 24 FPS. Douglas Trumbull, who undertook experiments with different frame rates that led to the Showscan film format, found that emotional impact peaked at 72 FPS for viewers.[8] 72 FPS is the maximum rate available in the WMV video file format.
Sabtu, 01 Oktober 2011
SCANNING SYSTEM
TV signal transmission system is point to point and make a line by line by an electron beam (Electron Beam) or light Kathoda (Cathode beam) as read from left to right and once to the right side must be left back again quickly and shifted vertically downward read the following sentence under it, so after the end of the sentence until the bottom side must get back quickly onto the next page to read the sentence. At the time of re-moving horizontally from right-left and from below upwards, the electron beam is extinguished.
Before the era of television technology have been known Media Movie Theaters that use the big screen, compared with Vertical Horizontal size is 2: 1 or more technical term is Aspect Ratio (H / V) = 2 / 1, taken from the characteristics of the sensitivity of human eye sight (Human psychology weakness) that the human eye is more sensitive than the horizontal viewing angle of view vertically.
The term full image in a film known as Frame, early film technology uses the turn of the image as much as 18 frames per second, while the film is used up to now uses 24 frames per second.
Television technology uses the same term for the FRAME picture in one screen, based on the dots picture elements that make a line by line which neatly represents the development of basic principles from point to point transmission of picture elements as the discovery of Paul Nipkow.
The line is a collection point for point and line by line collection is arranged in a glass screen as the system is called FRAME Scanning Scanning television or TV. At the beginning of TV technology is known there are 2 (two) scanning system, namely:
1) PROGRESS SCANNING, meaning the image for one frame is made with a regular arrangement of picture elements from point to point horizontally to make a line by line starting from the first line of the top side until the last line of the bottom side, and after the last line of the bottom side to move quickly upwards to re-create the first line.
Progress Scanning for TV system with the characteristics of the human eye where the eye nerve has not been able to capture the impression of the meaning of a picture of what is seen to have emerged the next image and to eliminate the impression of flicker; and enhance the impression of the image being viewed, the object of scanning performed twice with the same speed One form for each scanning field, and scanning the results of Field I and Field II, which form the A FRAME named as Interlaced Scanning.
Before the era of television technology have been known Media Movie Theaters that use the big screen, compared with Vertical Horizontal size is 2: 1 or more technical term is Aspect Ratio (H / V) = 2 / 1, taken from the characteristics of the sensitivity of human eye sight (Human psychology weakness) that the human eye is more sensitive than the horizontal viewing angle of view vertically.
The term full image in a film known as Frame, early film technology uses the turn of the image as much as 18 frames per second, while the film is used up to now uses 24 frames per second.
Television technology uses the same term for the FRAME picture in one screen, based on the dots picture elements that make a line by line which neatly represents the development of basic principles from point to point transmission of picture elements as the discovery of Paul Nipkow.
The line is a collection point for point and line by line collection is arranged in a glass screen as the system is called FRAME Scanning Scanning television or TV. At the beginning of TV technology is known there are 2 (two) scanning system, namely:
1) PROGRESS SCANNING, meaning the image for one frame is made with a regular arrangement of picture elements from point to point horizontally to make a line by line starting from the first line of the top side until the last line of the bottom side, and after the last line of the bottom side to move quickly upwards to re-create the first line.
2) Interlaced Scanning SCANNING or an insert, as the process of Scanning Progress system that makes the composition from point to point line by line from the top to the bottom side to make FRAME conducted 2 (two) times the scanning process, which means that to get done twice One Frame scanning process and every single time scanning to make the composition line by line from top side to bottom side as much as half of the diameter of the frame, and after half the number of lines have been arrayed on the side of the bottom line right back quickly made arrangement to one side over the line by line and a half next frame; on each make half the Frame was named as one FIELD, thereby frame = I + Field Field II.
For easy to understand given examples of the TV system used in Indonesia who draw the lines for one frame composed of 625 irregular line from the top to the bottom side of the moves made by horizontal lines at once to move vertically.
One Frame Field done scanning I create horizontal lines as much as half the number of lines of frame, then do the scanning Field II which makes half the number of lines the next frame, and the time I used to field the same as the Field II.
Frame (625 lines) = Field I (312.5 lines) + Field II (312.5 lines)
Field I is the composition line by line as much as half a frame from the side line at the top to the bottom side of the line numbers given ODD numbers, meaning that on any given horizontal scanning lines of odd numbers of indices such as the number of scanning lines 1, 3, 5 ff. Field so I can say as ODD or ODD FIELD FIELD.
Field II is the arrangement of line by line as much as half the next frame from the very top to the bottom side of the line are given index numbers evens numbers, meaning that at each horizontal scanning lines are numbered even numbers 2, 4, 6 ff. Field II so that it can be said as evens or EVEN FIELD FIELD.
Thus the composition of the odd-numbered lines of Field I (Odd Field) interspersed with a scanning line Field II (Field Events) will produce a line arrangement of serial numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc. to form a number line TV system that used or FRAME.
Time to do the scanning process to form the first line of the upper hand until the last line of the bottom side of each field is required for the same time, meaning that Field Field II = I = turnover frequency = frequency of the image grid (City Source) is to use time of network systems generating electrical energy from the countries concerned.
As examples of TV system in Indonesia that use the number of scanning lines of 625 lines and follow the European regulations as recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), namely regulations CCIR (Consultative Committee Internationale des Radiocommunication), with 50 Hertz power grid, as the example below will make it easier understanding the use of frames per second television system that used our country, as follows:
Given: PAL TV system, Aspect Ratio (H / V) = 4 / 3, with 625 lines Interlaced Scanning.
Asked: Frames per second.
Answer:
PAL TV system uses 625 lines, Interlaced scanning system and Electrical Frequency 50 Hertz
f = 1 / t
50 (Hertz) = 1 / t
50 t = 1
t = 1 / 50 (seconds)
Frequency is the number of revolutions per second or
f = frequency (Hertz) - cycles per second
f = 1 / t
t = time (second)
FRAME FIELD = FIELD I + II
Field Field II = I = t = 1 / 50 sec
FRAME = 2 Fields
= 2 x 1 / 50 sec
FRAME = 1 / 25 sec
25 FRAME = 1 second or
1 Second = 25 Frames
This means that in 1 second used 25 frames.
Television as the development of radio broadcasting media have targeted the target (audience) is more extensive (Mass Audiences) where the terms of the television technology that must be considered include:
a) Must be seen in space without having to turn off the lights or lighting during the day without having to darken the room.
b) The image must be smooth and sharp.
c) Image is not blinking (flickers).
d) Must be seen by two or more viewers than a short distance.
e) It can be tuned by a layman.
If the movie uses the size of the screen with Aspect Ratio (H / V) = 2 / 1, then the required size for television Aspect Ratio by considering how much TV viewing distance is right?
Figure shows the calculation to obtain the correct distance to watch TV, where point A is the position of the viewer's eye and the line AF is the distance to the plane of viewers TV screen. By calculating the angle (Alpha) against right-angled triangle AFD AF will get a longer length of 5 x against Diagonal Screen Glass TV (AF = 5 CD = 5 BE). This calculation produces the TV screen size is known as the Aspect Ratio or the ratio of horizontal to vertical (H / V) is 4 / 3.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN EYES
Similarly, the characteristics of the human eye which is the basic principle to the establishment of TV technology, among others:
The human eye can not follow the movement of the light source is moving very fast,
eg in a dark room a light source (Flashlight or small flashlight, mosquito coil ignition, flame or smoking) when driven slowly will be seen as a point of light, but when he moved very quickly then it will be seen as light lines corresponding movement.
Human eyes can not see the flashing light source 20 times per second,
Lighting Lamp TL example blink as much as 50 x per second.
Human eyes can not see the change of moving images as much as 16 pictures per second,
examples of film technology that uses the turn of the Frame as many as 24 frames per second.
Human eyes can not see two dots side by side to make the point 1.5 minutes,
example, if we look at the Railroad by standing between the two rails, it will show both Railroad will meet in one point.
In the human eye there are millions of nerve eye, among others are:
Nerve Trunk (en Sta ), namely the eye nerve is sensitive to low light intensity of high information
Neural Cone (C ne), ie the eye nerve is sensitive to color information.
The number of neural stem hundred times the amount of nerve Cone, which is why the human eye is more sensitive to light than dark objects can be seen the color of the object. (Examples of natural color at a time of sun and natural color at sunset).
Early Black & White TV technology (Monochrome TV) consider the characteristics of the human eye as mentioned in number 1 to number 4, while the color TV technology is added to the consideration of the characteristics of the human eye number 5; it is also concerned with understanding the Picture or Picture Resolution Resolution is the ability human eye to see two dots side by side in Black and White Horizontal or Vertical.
Film Cinema is a medium of limited information (Limitted Audiencies) have been first known to the public before the era of TV technology and developments in technology with the Electronic Media Television Information communication as the development of radio broadcasting media has a target of target (audience) is more extensive (Mass Audiences) where the terms- television technology requirements that must be considered include:
1) Must be seen in space without having to turn off the lights or lighting during the day without having to
darken the room.
2) Pictures must be smooth and sharp.
3) Figure is not blinking (flickers).
4) Must be seen by two or more viewers than a short distance.
5) Can be set by a layman.
The human eye can not follow the movement of the light source is moving very fast,
eg in a dark room a light source (Flashlight or small flashlight, mosquito coil ignition, flame or smoking) when driven slowly will be seen as a point of light, but when he moved very quickly then it will be seen as light lines corresponding movement.
Human eyes can not see the flashing light source 20 times per second,
Lighting Lamp TL example blink as much as 50 x per second.
Human eyes can not see the change of moving images as much as 16 pictures per second,
examples of film technology that uses the turn of the Frame as many as 24 frames per second.
Human eyes can not see two dots side by side to make the point 1.5 minutes,
example, if we look at the Railroad by standing between the two rails, it will show both Railroad will meet in one point.
In the human eye there are millions of nerve eye, among others are:
Nerve Trunk (en Sta ), namely the eye nerve is sensitive to low light intensity of high information
Neural Cone (C ne), ie the eye nerve is sensitive to color information.
The number of neural stem hundred times the amount of nerve Cone, which is why the human eye is more sensitive to light than dark objects can be seen the color of the object. (Examples of natural color at a time of sun and natural color at sunset).
Early Black & White TV technology (Monochrome TV) consider the characteristics of the human eye as mentioned in number 1 to number 4, while the color TV technology is added to the consideration of the characteristics of the human eye number 5; it is also concerned with understanding the Picture or Picture Resolution Resolution is the ability human eye to see two dots side by side in Black and White Horizontal or Vertical.
Film Cinema is a medium of limited information (Limitted Audiencies) have been first known to the public before the era of TV technology and developments in technology with the Electronic Media Television Information communication as the development of radio broadcasting media has a target of target (audience) is more extensive (Mass Audiences) where the terms- television technology requirements that must be considered include:
1) Must be seen in space without having to turn off the lights or lighting during the day without having to
darken the room.
2) Pictures must be smooth and sharp.
3) Figure is not blinking (flickers).
4) Must be seen by two or more viewers than a short distance.
5) Can be set by a layman.
PICTURE ELEMENTS
Studying TV technology required an understanding notions of image elements, such that:
a) Image consists of regular points,
example is the reproduction of images such as printing newspapers, magazines.
b) The image consists of dots That are not regular,
Photography sample image.
c) Arrangement of Figure consists of a line by line basis,
example of a TV system, Facsimile
a) Image consists of regular points,
example is the reproduction of images such as printing newspapers, magazines.
b) The image consists of dots That are not regular,
Photography sample image.
c) Arrangement of Figure consists of a line by line basis,
example of a TV system, Facsimile
TV BLACK WHITE
Monochrome television
The initial discovery of television technology since the beginning of human efforts to divide the image into image elements which are the basics of television, then television dikenallah century in about 1880, and human efforts to divide the image picture elements eleman began mechanically pioneered the "Scanning Disc" conducted by Paul Nipkow of Germany known as DISC Nipkow in 1884.
Paul Nipkow experiment uses 2 (two) pieces of the disk or disks, each hole as large, with many of the same number of holes and the second disk (disk) made to rotate clockwise which is controlled by a synchronous motor. The first disc serves as ORIGIN or Source Image while the second disc serves as the DESTINATION or Receiver, a hole of each disc is placed in a straight line point of view.
At the time of the second disc slowly rotating synchronous, observers can see the object image through the hole of the second disc is placed in a line of point of view, the image visible then invisible, visible, and so on. But at the time Synchronous Motor accelerated and more rapid, it turns out from the hole, the object can be seen without halting, and this proves that the image can be sent (transmitted) from point to point. (Note the Nipkow Disk experiment as Figure 1 below.)
The line is a collection of point to point and use the TV arrangement of a moving line by line Vertical Horizontal well as making a regular arrangement of line by line.
Principle arrangement of a line by line basis so that the image / scene can be read quickly in one place (in Origin), and at the same time as well as a picture or scene that has been read quickly, it can be reproduced at the receiver (Destination) at the same time .
The initial discovery of television technology since the beginning of human efforts to divide the image into image elements which are the basics of television, then television dikenallah century in about 1880, and human efforts to divide the image picture elements eleman began mechanically pioneered the "Scanning Disc" conducted by Paul Nipkow of Germany known as DISC Nipkow in 1884.
Paul Nipkow experiment uses 2 (two) pieces of the disk or disks, each hole as large, with many of the same number of holes and the second disk (disk) made to rotate clockwise which is controlled by a synchronous motor. The first disc serves as ORIGIN or Source Image while the second disc serves as the DESTINATION or Receiver, a hole of each disc is placed in a straight line point of view.
At the time of the second disc slowly rotating synchronous, observers can see the object image through the hole of the second disc is placed in a line of point of view, the image visible then invisible, visible, and so on. But at the time Synchronous Motor accelerated and more rapid, it turns out from the hole, the object can be seen without halting, and this proves that the image can be sent (transmitted) from point to point. (Note the Nipkow Disk experiment as Figure 1 below.)
The line is a collection of point to point and use the TV arrangement of a moving line by line Vertical Horizontal well as making a regular arrangement of line by line.
Principle arrangement of a line by line basis so that the image / scene can be read quickly in one place (in Origin), and at the same time as well as a picture or scene that has been read quickly, it can be reproduced at the receiver (Destination) at the same time .
The development of television technology.
The development of television technology.
The history of development of telecommunications technology are briefly as follows:
1895 found a cordless radio communication by Marconi (Italy)
1897 Cathode Tubes (Braun tube) invented by KF Braun (Germany) to enable the realization of the
television monitor.
1922 Radio began in the U.S., France, Germany, China and the Soviet Union
1925 Experiments Monitor TV receiving the signal carried by JL Baird (UK).
1927 Experimental TV Monitor send and receive signals carried by Kenjiro Takayanagi (Japan).
Color TV monitor experiments conducted by JL Baird (UK).
1929 Trial begins TV broadcasts by the BBC (UK).
Color TV with cable experiments conducted by Bell Telephone Laboratories (USA).
1933 Tubes Camera iconoscope found by VK Zworykin (USA) so that pioneered the way to realize the
television cameras.
1937 Broadcast TV was started by the BBC (UK).
1939 experiment was started by NHK TV Japan.
1941 TV broadcasts began in the U.S..
1951 color TV broadcasts begin in the U.S..
1953 was started by NHK Broadcast TV Station which is followed by the Japanese government and
private stations.
1954 Broadcast NTSC color TV (National Television System Committee) began in the U.S..
1957 Experiments color TV broadcast was started by NHK Japan.
On air Sputnik 1 satellite by the Soviet Union.
1958 was launched by the U.S. telecommunications satellite.
1960 Broadcast NTSC color TV was started by NHK Japan.
1963 Transmission of TV broadcasting via satellite between the U.S. and Japan managed to broadcast
news of U.S. President JF Kennedy assassination.
1964 Satellite Transmission uses broadcast Olympic event in Tokyo, Japan.
1967 color TV broadcast PAL (Phase Alternating Line-rate) started in Britain, West Germany and the
Netherlands.
Color TV broadcast SECAM (Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire) started in France and the Soviet Union.
1968 PAL color TV broadcasts began in Switzerland.
1969 SECAM color TV broadcasts begin in East Germany.
Apollo 11 (USA) managed to send color images Month (Telekomunkasi Space).
The satellite was launched in 1970 Oosumi Japan.
1976 1 launched Palapa Indonesia.
Digital Satellite TV Broadcasting 2000 started in the U.S.
Digital Satellite TV Broadcasting 2001 started in Japan.
2003 Broadcast TV with VHF / UHF Digital started in Japan.
The terms, expressions and acronyms related to digital technologies:
Broadcasting System:
NTSC National Television System Committee (USA, Japan, South Korea)
PAL Phase Alternating Line-rate (UK, Germany, Indonesia)
SECAM Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire or Sequential Color with Memory (France, Russia)
HDTV High Definition Television
SDTV Standard Definition Television
Digital Satellite Television
EDTV Extended Digital Television
Technology Certification Organization / Format:
ISO International Standards Organzation
(International Organizatin for Standardization)
Example: ISO 4001, ISO 9000 etc..
JIS Japan Industrial Standards
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
CCITT Comite Consultatif Internationale des Telegraph e Telefone
(International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee)
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standard Sector
Example:
ITU-R Rec.601 Digital TV Signal Coding Parameters for Telecommunications
525-60, 625-50 System Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz, 720 pixels
Chrominance (CR / CB) sampled at 6.75 MHz, 360 pixels (4:2:2)
525-60 System Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz, 720 pixels
Chrominance (CR / CB) sampled at 13.375 MHz, 180 pixels (4:1:1)
625-50 System Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz, 720 pixels
Chrominance (CR / CB) sampled at 6.75 MHz, 360 pixels (4:2:0)
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Enineering
AES / EBU Audio Engineering Society / European Broadcasting Union
Example: Digital Audio Signal I / F Format
ANSI American National Standards Institute
EIA Electronic Industries Association (USA)
EIAJ Electronic Industries Association of Japan
CCIR Comite Consultatif Internationale des Radio Communications
(International Radio Consultative Committee)
ABU Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union
The history of development of telecommunications technology are briefly as follows:
1895 found a cordless radio communication by Marconi (Italy)
1897 Cathode Tubes (Braun tube) invented by KF Braun (Germany) to enable the realization of the
television monitor.
1922 Radio began in the U.S., France, Germany, China and the Soviet Union
1925 Experiments Monitor TV receiving the signal carried by JL Baird (UK).
1927 Experimental TV Monitor send and receive signals carried by Kenjiro Takayanagi (Japan).
Color TV monitor experiments conducted by JL Baird (UK).
1929 Trial begins TV broadcasts by the BBC (UK).
Color TV with cable experiments conducted by Bell Telephone Laboratories (USA).
1933 Tubes Camera iconoscope found by VK Zworykin (USA) so that pioneered the way to realize the
television cameras.
1937 Broadcast TV was started by the BBC (UK).
1939 experiment was started by NHK TV Japan.
1941 TV broadcasts began in the U.S..
1951 color TV broadcasts begin in the U.S..
1953 was started by NHK Broadcast TV Station which is followed by the Japanese government and
private stations.
1954 Broadcast NTSC color TV (National Television System Committee) began in the U.S..
1957 Experiments color TV broadcast was started by NHK Japan.
On air Sputnik 1 satellite by the Soviet Union.
1958 was launched by the U.S. telecommunications satellite.
1960 Broadcast NTSC color TV was started by NHK Japan.
1963 Transmission of TV broadcasting via satellite between the U.S. and Japan managed to broadcast
news of U.S. President JF Kennedy assassination.
1964 Satellite Transmission uses broadcast Olympic event in Tokyo, Japan.
1967 color TV broadcast PAL (Phase Alternating Line-rate) started in Britain, West Germany and the
Netherlands.
Color TV broadcast SECAM (Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire) started in France and the Soviet Union.
1968 PAL color TV broadcasts began in Switzerland.
1969 SECAM color TV broadcasts begin in East Germany.
Apollo 11 (USA) managed to send color images Month (Telekomunkasi Space).
The satellite was launched in 1970 Oosumi Japan.
1976 1 launched Palapa Indonesia.
Digital Satellite TV Broadcasting 2000 started in the U.S.
Digital Satellite TV Broadcasting 2001 started in Japan.
2003 Broadcast TV with VHF / UHF Digital started in Japan.
The terms, expressions and acronyms related to digital technologies:
Broadcasting System:
NTSC National Television System Committee (USA, Japan, South Korea)
PAL Phase Alternating Line-rate (UK, Germany, Indonesia)
SECAM Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire or Sequential Color with Memory (France, Russia)
HDTV High Definition Television
SDTV Standard Definition Television
Digital Satellite Television
EDTV Extended Digital Television
Technology Certification Organization / Format:
ISO International Standards Organzation
(International Organizatin for Standardization)
Example: ISO 4001, ISO 9000 etc..
JIS Japan Industrial Standards
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
CCITT Comite Consultatif Internationale des Telegraph e Telefone
(International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee)
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standard Sector
Example:
ITU-R Rec.601 Digital TV Signal Coding Parameters for Telecommunications
525-60, 625-50 System Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz, 720 pixels
Chrominance (CR / CB) sampled at 6.75 MHz, 360 pixels (4:2:2)
525-60 System Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz, 720 pixels
Chrominance (CR / CB) sampled at 13.375 MHz, 180 pixels (4:1:1)
625-50 System Luminance sampled at 13.5 MHz, 720 pixels
Chrominance (CR / CB) sampled at 6.75 MHz, 360 pixels (4:2:0)
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Enineering
AES / EBU Audio Engineering Society / European Broadcasting Union
Example: Digital Audio Signal I / F Format
ANSI American National Standards Institute
EIA Electronic Industries Association (USA)
EIAJ Electronic Industries Association of Japan
CCIR Comite Consultatif Internationale des Radio Communications
(International Radio Consultative Committee)
ABU Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union
